Research reveals diet restriction, gastric bypass surgery, and semaglutide impact the body differently

Losing weight can be challenging, and many people find themselves hitting a plateau (a weight-loss plateau is when your weight stops changing) despite their efforts. A recent study published in the Obesity Society Research Journal sheds light on the physiology behind these weight-loss plateaus in response to diet restriction. The findings emphasize the importance of considering weight-loss interventions within a dynamic physiological system that regulates energy intake and expenditure.

The study’s objective was to investigate why different weight-loss interventions lead to varying durations of weight loss before reaching plateaus. Researchers used mathematical modeling to simulate different interventions and their effects on energy intake and expenditure over time.

© GettyImages

The results showed that each intervention, whether diet restriction, gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), or medications like tirzepatide and semaglutide, had different impacts on the body’s physiological response to weight loss. Interestingly, RYGB surgery resulted in the most significant decrease in energy intake compared to diet restriction and medication interventions. This suggests that RYGB may weaken the body’s feedback control of appetite to a greater extent.

Furthermore, the study found that the timing of the weight-loss plateau was influenced by both the strength of the body’s feedback control of appetite and the effectiveness of the intervention in shifting the body from its baseline equilibrium. For example, participants in the diet restriction group experienced a gradual loss of adherence to the diet over time, leading to an earlier plateau in weight loss.

The simulations also highlighted the exponential rise in energy intake after the start of the interventions, indicating increasing resistance as ongoing weight loss activated the body’s feedback control circuit, stimulating appetite. This phenomenon suggests that explaining weight regain requires considering factors such as waning adherence to interventions or changes in physiology beyond the scope of the study.

© GettyImages

The National Institutes of Health supported the study, underscoring the importance of continued research into understanding the complexities of weight loss and maintenance.

This study provides valuable insights into the physiology of weight-loss plateaus and the factors influencing the effectiveness of different interventions. By understanding how the body responds to weight-loss efforts over time, researchers and clinicians can better tailor interventions to support long-term success in managing weight.